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Baghdad Arabic or Baghdadi Arabic is the Arabic dialect spoken in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. During the last century, Muslim Baghdadi Arabic has become the lingua franca of Iraq, and the language of commerce and education. It is a subvariety of Mesopotamian Arabic. An interesting sociolinguistic feature of Baghdad is the existence of three distinct dialects: Muslim, Jewish and Christian Baghdadi Arabic. Muslim Baghdadi belongs to a group called ''gilit'' dialects, while Jewish Baghdadi (as well as Christian Baghdadi) belongs to ''qeltu'' dialects (more closely related to the North Mesopotamian dialects of Mosul). Muslim Baghdadi Arabic is a dialect of Bedouin provenance that contains some very distinct phonetic and grammatical characteristics and is layered with influences from urban Medieval Baghdadi Arabic and foreign languages such as Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, and Aramaic. This dialect which belongs to the so-called gilit-group should not be confused with the Mesopotamian dialects of the qeltu-group (Jewish Baghdadi Arabic, Christian Baghdadi Arabic, and North Mesopotamian Arabic), all of which seem to be direct descendants of Medieval Baghdadi Arabic, a sedentary medieval dialect. The qeltu-group dialects have different sound systems and morphologies from Muslim Baghdadi and also seem to have in general retained a greater number of foreign loans that have been more vigorously and comprehensively weeded out of the Muslim dialect under the Ba'ath regime. Baghdadi ''gilit'' Arabic, which is considered the standard Baghdadi Arabic, shares many features with Gulf Arabic and with varieties spoken in some parts of eastern Syria. ''Gilit'' Arabic is of Bedouin provenance, unlike Christian and Jewish Baghdadi, which is believed to be descendant of Medieval Iraqi Arabic. Until the 1950s, Baghdad Arabic contained a large inventory of borrowings from English, Turkish, Persian and Kurdish language. During the first decades of the 20th century, when the population of Baghdad was less than a million, some inner city quarters had their own distinctive speech characteristics, maintained for generations. From about the 1960s, with the population movement within the city, and the influx of large numbers of people hailing mainly from the south, Baghdad Arabic has become more standardized, and has come to incorporate some rural and Bedouin features and Modern Standard Arabic. ==Phonology== 1.) Qaaf is pronounced differently depending on the word. Sometimes this may seem arbitrary, but there is historical and phonemic reasoning for it. For example, in words that denote higher or abstract concepts, the Classical pronunciation of the "qaaf" has been retained, such as the in the words حقيقة Haqiqa "truth", مستقبل mustaqbil "future", and اقتصاد IqtiSaad "economy". The archaic uvular pronunciation of "qaaf" is also retained in the extensive borrowings from Medieval Baghdadi Arabic: daqiqa "minute, moment", qira "he read". 2.) In general in more quotidian or mundane words of Arabic origin, there is a Bedouinization of the qaaf from "q" --> "g". For example, "I say" اقول is pronounced "agool", "I arose/began" قمت is pronounced "gumit", "heart" قلب is pronounced "gaLub" (the "L" is emphatic), and "moon" قمر is pronounced "gumar". There is also a tendency to retain the "g" phoneme in loanwords and in some instances to evolve in favor of it (i.e. xashooga "spoon", from Persian "qaashogh"). However as mentioned above, lexical borrowings from Medieval Baghdadi Arabic regardless of usage retain the Classical uvular pronunciation of "qaaf". 3.) In some very specific instances, the classical "qaaf" sound is realized as "k" (q-->k). These are in specific words and seem to stem from voiced/unvoiced consonant agreement. For example, the word "time" وقت can be pronounced wakit or alternatively waqit. However, in the fixed word shwakit ("when"), only the former form is used. We also see this sound change in the 3rd person simple past of the verb "to kill" قتل, which can be heard as kital. These pronunciations are by and large not interchangeable, and in fact switching between the "q" and "g" phonemes can result in change of meaning (i.e. farraq "to divide" and farrag "to distribute"; warga "leaf" and warqa "piece of paper"). Thus the short answer is that the pronunciation of qaaf depends on the word. Also as a note, the Levantine and Egyptian pronunciation of qaaf ق as hamza ء is not found in any Mesopotamian dialects. The letter "Daad" ض is always pronounced as "Dhaa" ظ, and "Dhaa" is in turn pronounced as its classical voiced alveolar fricative pronunciation (as in Modern Standard Arabic). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baghdad Arabic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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